Humerus
Traumatic Orthopaedic Injuries - Upper Limb Fractures: Humerus
A humerus fracture refers to a break in the upper arm bone that connects the shoulder to the elbow. The humerus plays a vital role in arm movement and strength, and fractures in this bone can significantly impact function. These fractures can range from simple, non-displaced breaks to complex injuries involving multiple fragments or joints. Depending on the location, humerus fractures are classified as proximal (near the shoulder), mid-shaft (middle of the bone), or distal (near the elbow). Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to restore alignment, relieve pain, and regain function.
What is a Humerus Fracture?
The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow. A fracture can occur at one of three main locations:
- Proximal Humerus: Near the shoulder joint, often affecting arm movement and stability.
- Mid-Shaft Humerus: The middle portion of the bone, where the radial nerve runs close, making it vulnerable to injury.
- Distal Humerus: Near the elbow joint, potentially affecting elbow function and alignment.
The type and severity of the fracture influence treatment and recovery.
Causes Of Humerus Fractures
Humerus fractures are typically caused by trauma to the upper arm. Common causes include:
- Falls: Landing on an outstretched hand or directly onto the arm.
- Motor Vehicle Accidents: High-impact collisions can result in severe fractures.
- Sports Injuries: High-impact activities or direct collisions during contact sports.
- Direct Blows: Impact from an object striking the arm.
- Pathological Fractures: Caused by underlying conditions such as osteoporosis or bone tumours that weaken the bone.
Symptoms Of Humerus Fractures
Symptoms of a humerus fracture can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury but may include:
- Severe pain in the upper arm or shoulder.
- Swelling, bruising, or tenderness around the fracture site.
- Deformity or an unusual shape of the arm.
- Difficulty or inability to move the arm or shoulder.
- Numbness or tingling in the arm, hand, or fingers, particularly if nerves are affected.
- Weakness or inability to grip or lift objects.
If you experience these symptoms, prompt medical evaluation is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Risk Factors For Humerus Fractures
Certain factors may increase the likelihood of sustaining a humerus fracture, including:
- Age: Older adults are more prone to fractures due to reduced bone density and balance.
- Osteoporosis: Weak or brittle bones increase the risk of fractures.
- Sports Participation: High-impact sports or activities involving repetitive arm use.
- Occupational Risks: Jobs that involve heavy lifting or working at heights.
- Previous Injuries: A history of arm or shoulder injuries may increase susceptibility.
Treatment Options For Humerus Fractures
Treatment for a humerus fracture depends on the type, severity, and location of the fracture, as well as the patient’s overall health and activity level. Options include:
Non-Surgical Treatments
- Immobilisation: A sling, splint, or brace may be used to stabilise the fracture while it heals, especially for non-displaced fractures.
- Pain Management: Medications to reduce pain and inflammation during recovery.
- Physiotherapy: Once the fracture begins to heal, exercises can help restore strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the arm and shoulder.
Surgical Treatments
Surgery may be required for displaced, complex, or open fractures, or when the bone fragments threaten to damage surrounding structures:
- Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF): Realigning the bone fragments and securing them with plates, screws, or rods.
- External Fixation: A stabilising frame outside the arm for severe fractures or when internal fixation is not feasible.
- Shoulder Replacement Surgery: In cases involving severe proximal humerus fractures, partial or total shoulder replacement may be considered.
Dr Scott Tulloch will evaluate the specific injury and recommend the most appropriate treatment based on the fracture type and the patient’s lifestyle and goals.
When Should You Seek Help For A Humerus Fracture?
You should consider seeking medical advice if:
- You experience severe pain, swelling, or deformity in the upper arm following an injury.
- You are unable to move or use the affected arm or shoulder.
- You notice numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arm, hand, or fingers, which may indicate nerve involvement.
- Symptoms persist despite rest and over-the-counter pain relief.
Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to ensuring proper healing, restoring function, and minimising complications such as stiffness or chronic instability.
If you would like to learn more about humerus fractures or discuss your treatment options, book an appointment with Dr Scott Tulloch at the Victorian Orthopaedic Group.
